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single tungsten microelectrode  (Neuro Probe)

 
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    Neuro Probe single tungsten microelectrode
    (a) Schematic of the intraoperative experimental setup. (b) Illustration of <t>microelectrode</t> single unit recording in the substantia nigra: electrode placement and neurons near the electrode tip (top), and an example raw recording trace (bottom). (c-h) Schematic of the two-stage task. (c) Encoding. Participants viewed a series of silent video clips and, after each clip, indicated whether most of the clip took place indoors or outdoors. Clips either contained a cut between scenes from different movies (cognitive boundary clips) or contained no cut (virtual boundary clips). For virtual boundary clips, a “virtual boundary” time point was defined at 3 seconds after clip onset (the clip midpoint) and used as the alignment point for analyses comparing virtual and cognitive boundaries. (d , e) Example frames spanning a cognitive boundary (cut) and a virtual boundary (no cut). (f) Scene recognition. Participants viewed a static image and reported whether it was “old” (previously shown during encoding) or “new.” ( g , h ) Examples of novel and familiar images. Task prompts are shown here in English; the original task instructions were presented in Chinese (see Supplementary Figure 1 ).
    Single Tungsten Microelectrode, supplied by Neuro Probe, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    Images

    1) Product Images from "Neurons in the Human Substantia Nigra Respond to Cognitive Boundaries and Predict Memory"

    Article Title: Neurons in the Human Substantia Nigra Respond to Cognitive Boundaries and Predict Memory

    Journal: bioRxiv

    doi: 10.64898/2026.02.04.703556

    (a) Schematic of the intraoperative experimental setup. (b) Illustration of microelectrode single unit recording in the substantia nigra: electrode placement and neurons near the electrode tip (top), and an example raw recording trace (bottom). (c-h) Schematic of the two-stage task. (c) Encoding. Participants viewed a series of silent video clips and, after each clip, indicated whether most of the clip took place indoors or outdoors. Clips either contained a cut between scenes from different movies (cognitive boundary clips) or contained no cut (virtual boundary clips). For virtual boundary clips, a “virtual boundary” time point was defined at 3 seconds after clip onset (the clip midpoint) and used as the alignment point for analyses comparing virtual and cognitive boundaries. (d , e) Example frames spanning a cognitive boundary (cut) and a virtual boundary (no cut). (f) Scene recognition. Participants viewed a static image and reported whether it was “old” (previously shown during encoding) or “new.” ( g , h ) Examples of novel and familiar images. Task prompts are shown here in English; the original task instructions were presented in Chinese (see Supplementary Figure 1 ).
    Figure Legend Snippet: (a) Schematic of the intraoperative experimental setup. (b) Illustration of microelectrode single unit recording in the substantia nigra: electrode placement and neurons near the electrode tip (top), and an example raw recording trace (bottom). (c-h) Schematic of the two-stage task. (c) Encoding. Participants viewed a series of silent video clips and, after each clip, indicated whether most of the clip took place indoors or outdoors. Clips either contained a cut between scenes from different movies (cognitive boundary clips) or contained no cut (virtual boundary clips). For virtual boundary clips, a “virtual boundary” time point was defined at 3 seconds after clip onset (the clip midpoint) and used as the alignment point for analyses comparing virtual and cognitive boundaries. (d , e) Example frames spanning a cognitive boundary (cut) and a virtual boundary (no cut). (f) Scene recognition. Participants viewed a static image and reported whether it was “old” (previously shown during encoding) or “new.” ( g , h ) Examples of novel and familiar images. Task prompts are shown here in English; the original task instructions were presented in Chinese (see Supplementary Figure 1 ).

    Techniques Used: Single-unit Recording

    (a) Task performance for patients undergoing DBS implantation. Encoding accuracy (dark gray) is the proportion of trials in which participants correctly answered the indoor/outdoor question during encoding. Recognition accuracy (light gray) is the proportion of trials in which participants correctly judged images as old/new during recognition. (b) Recognition accuracy for clips containing cognitive boundaries (blue) versus virtual boundaries (gray). (c) Response times for cognitive boundary (blue) versus virtual boundary (gray) clips. (d) Recording sites across 40 participants (participant demographics in Supplementary Table 1 ). Microelectrode locations are shown in MNI space on a template brain (see Methods ) and plotted as individual dots, color-coded by region: blue, GPe (globus pallidus externus); green, GPi (globus pallidus internus); yellow, STN (subthalamic nucleus); red, RN (red nucleus); orange, SN (substantia nigra; including substantia nigra pars compacta and substantia nigra pars reticulata). MNI coordinates for all recording sites are provided in Supplementary Tables 2 and 3. (e) Example microelectrode recordings along the implantation trajectory.
    Figure Legend Snippet: (a) Task performance for patients undergoing DBS implantation. Encoding accuracy (dark gray) is the proportion of trials in which participants correctly answered the indoor/outdoor question during encoding. Recognition accuracy (light gray) is the proportion of trials in which participants correctly judged images as old/new during recognition. (b) Recognition accuracy for clips containing cognitive boundaries (blue) versus virtual boundaries (gray). (c) Response times for cognitive boundary (blue) versus virtual boundary (gray) clips. (d) Recording sites across 40 participants (participant demographics in Supplementary Table 1 ). Microelectrode locations are shown in MNI space on a template brain (see Methods ) and plotted as individual dots, color-coded by region: blue, GPe (globus pallidus externus); green, GPi (globus pallidus internus); yellow, STN (subthalamic nucleus); red, RN (red nucleus); orange, SN (substantia nigra; including substantia nigra pars compacta and substantia nigra pars reticulata). MNI coordinates for all recording sites are provided in Supplementary Tables 2 and 3. (e) Example microelectrode recordings along the implantation trajectory.

    Techniques Used:

    (a) Microelectrode recording locations of overlap cells plotted in MNI space and color-coded by subtype (type-I, green; type-II, purple). To pool hemispheres, left-hemisphere sites are mirrored to the right by taking the absolute value of the lateral (X) coordinate. SNc and SNr are shown in dark gray and light gray, respectively. (b) Mean spike waveform (± s.d.) for representative type-I (green) and type-II (purple) overlap cells. (c) Spike width, defined as the time between the two positive peaks of the waveform, for type-I and type-II overlap cells. (d) Mean firing rate across the entire recording session for type-I and type-II overlap cells. (e) Baseline-normalized (z-scored) firing rates in a 1-second window following novel image onset, shown separately for trials in which novel images were correctly judged “new” versus misclassified as “old,” for type-I and type-II overlap cells. (f) Baseline-normalized (z-scored) firing rates in a 1-second window following cognitive boundaries, shown separately for trials in which familiar images were correctly judged “old” images versus misclassified as “new,” for type-I cells and type-II overlap cells.
    Figure Legend Snippet: (a) Microelectrode recording locations of overlap cells plotted in MNI space and color-coded by subtype (type-I, green; type-II, purple). To pool hemispheres, left-hemisphere sites are mirrored to the right by taking the absolute value of the lateral (X) coordinate. SNc and SNr are shown in dark gray and light gray, respectively. (b) Mean spike waveform (± s.d.) for representative type-I (green) and type-II (purple) overlap cells. (c) Spike width, defined as the time between the two positive peaks of the waveform, for type-I and type-II overlap cells. (d) Mean firing rate across the entire recording session for type-I and type-II overlap cells. (e) Baseline-normalized (z-scored) firing rates in a 1-second window following novel image onset, shown separately for trials in which novel images were correctly judged “new” versus misclassified as “old,” for type-I and type-II overlap cells. (f) Baseline-normalized (z-scored) firing rates in a 1-second window following cognitive boundaries, shown separately for trials in which familiar images were correctly judged “old” images versus misclassified as “new,” for type-I cells and type-II overlap cells.

    Techniques Used:



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    (a) Schematic of the intraoperative experimental setup. (b) Illustration of <t>microelectrode</t> single unit recording in the substantia nigra: electrode placement and neurons near the electrode tip (top), and an example raw recording trace (bottom). (c-h) Schematic of the two-stage task. (c) Encoding. Participants viewed a series of silent video clips and, after each clip, indicated whether most of the clip took place indoors or outdoors. Clips either contained a cut between scenes from different movies (cognitive boundary clips) or contained no cut (virtual boundary clips). For virtual boundary clips, a “virtual boundary” time point was defined at 3 seconds after clip onset (the clip midpoint) and used as the alignment point for analyses comparing virtual and cognitive boundaries. (d , e) Example frames spanning a cognitive boundary (cut) and a virtual boundary (no cut). (f) Scene recognition. Participants viewed a static image and reported whether it was “old” (previously shown during encoding) or “new.” ( g , h ) Examples of novel and familiar images. Task prompts are shown here in English; the original task instructions were presented in Chinese (see Supplementary Figure 1 ).
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    (a) Schematic of the intraoperative experimental setup. (b) Illustration of <t>microelectrode</t> single unit recording in the substantia nigra: electrode placement and neurons near the electrode tip (top), and an example raw recording trace (bottom). (c-h) Schematic of the two-stage task. (c) Encoding. Participants viewed a series of silent video clips and, after each clip, indicated whether most of the clip took place indoors or outdoors. Clips either contained a cut between scenes from different movies (cognitive boundary clips) or contained no cut (virtual boundary clips). For virtual boundary clips, a “virtual boundary” time point was defined at 3 seconds after clip onset (the clip midpoint) and used as the alignment point for analyses comparing virtual and cognitive boundaries. (d , e) Example frames spanning a cognitive boundary (cut) and a virtual boundary (no cut). (f) Scene recognition. Participants viewed a static image and reported whether it was “old” (previously shown during encoding) or “new.” ( g , h ) Examples of novel and familiar images. Task prompts are shown here in English; the original task instructions were presented in Chinese (see Supplementary Figure 1 ).
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    Image Search Results


    (a) Schematic of the intraoperative experimental setup. (b) Illustration of microelectrode single unit recording in the substantia nigra: electrode placement and neurons near the electrode tip (top), and an example raw recording trace (bottom). (c-h) Schematic of the two-stage task. (c) Encoding. Participants viewed a series of silent video clips and, after each clip, indicated whether most of the clip took place indoors or outdoors. Clips either contained a cut between scenes from different movies (cognitive boundary clips) or contained no cut (virtual boundary clips). For virtual boundary clips, a “virtual boundary” time point was defined at 3 seconds after clip onset (the clip midpoint) and used as the alignment point for analyses comparing virtual and cognitive boundaries. (d , e) Example frames spanning a cognitive boundary (cut) and a virtual boundary (no cut). (f) Scene recognition. Participants viewed a static image and reported whether it was “old” (previously shown during encoding) or “new.” ( g , h ) Examples of novel and familiar images. Task prompts are shown here in English; the original task instructions were presented in Chinese (see Supplementary Figure 1 ).

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Neurons in the Human Substantia Nigra Respond to Cognitive Boundaries and Predict Memory

    doi: 10.64898/2026.02.04.703556

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Schematic of the intraoperative experimental setup. (b) Illustration of microelectrode single unit recording in the substantia nigra: electrode placement and neurons near the electrode tip (top), and an example raw recording trace (bottom). (c-h) Schematic of the two-stage task. (c) Encoding. Participants viewed a series of silent video clips and, after each clip, indicated whether most of the clip took place indoors or outdoors. Clips either contained a cut between scenes from different movies (cognitive boundary clips) or contained no cut (virtual boundary clips). For virtual boundary clips, a “virtual boundary” time point was defined at 3 seconds after clip onset (the clip midpoint) and used as the alignment point for analyses comparing virtual and cognitive boundaries. (d , e) Example frames spanning a cognitive boundary (cut) and a virtual boundary (no cut). (f) Scene recognition. Participants viewed a static image and reported whether it was “old” (previously shown during encoding) or “new.” ( g , h ) Examples of novel and familiar images. Task prompts are shown here in English; the original task instructions were presented in Chinese (see Supplementary Figure 1 ).

    Article Snippet: Microelectrode recording was conducted with a single tungsten microelectrode (400-700 kOhm, Neuroprobe, Alpha Omega, Israel) driven through the central passage on the electrode holder (Bengun, Alpha Omega, Israel) into the target area by a microdrive (Drive Headstage, Alpha Omega, Israel) with a step size of 100-200 μm.

    Techniques: Single-unit Recording

    (a) Task performance for patients undergoing DBS implantation. Encoding accuracy (dark gray) is the proportion of trials in which participants correctly answered the indoor/outdoor question during encoding. Recognition accuracy (light gray) is the proportion of trials in which participants correctly judged images as old/new during recognition. (b) Recognition accuracy for clips containing cognitive boundaries (blue) versus virtual boundaries (gray). (c) Response times for cognitive boundary (blue) versus virtual boundary (gray) clips. (d) Recording sites across 40 participants (participant demographics in Supplementary Table 1 ). Microelectrode locations are shown in MNI space on a template brain (see Methods ) and plotted as individual dots, color-coded by region: blue, GPe (globus pallidus externus); green, GPi (globus pallidus internus); yellow, STN (subthalamic nucleus); red, RN (red nucleus); orange, SN (substantia nigra; including substantia nigra pars compacta and substantia nigra pars reticulata). MNI coordinates for all recording sites are provided in Supplementary Tables 2 and 3. (e) Example microelectrode recordings along the implantation trajectory.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Neurons in the Human Substantia Nigra Respond to Cognitive Boundaries and Predict Memory

    doi: 10.64898/2026.02.04.703556

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Task performance for patients undergoing DBS implantation. Encoding accuracy (dark gray) is the proportion of trials in which participants correctly answered the indoor/outdoor question during encoding. Recognition accuracy (light gray) is the proportion of trials in which participants correctly judged images as old/new during recognition. (b) Recognition accuracy for clips containing cognitive boundaries (blue) versus virtual boundaries (gray). (c) Response times for cognitive boundary (blue) versus virtual boundary (gray) clips. (d) Recording sites across 40 participants (participant demographics in Supplementary Table 1 ). Microelectrode locations are shown in MNI space on a template brain (see Methods ) and plotted as individual dots, color-coded by region: blue, GPe (globus pallidus externus); green, GPi (globus pallidus internus); yellow, STN (subthalamic nucleus); red, RN (red nucleus); orange, SN (substantia nigra; including substantia nigra pars compacta and substantia nigra pars reticulata). MNI coordinates for all recording sites are provided in Supplementary Tables 2 and 3. (e) Example microelectrode recordings along the implantation trajectory.

    Article Snippet: Microelectrode recording was conducted with a single tungsten microelectrode (400-700 kOhm, Neuroprobe, Alpha Omega, Israel) driven through the central passage on the electrode holder (Bengun, Alpha Omega, Israel) into the target area by a microdrive (Drive Headstage, Alpha Omega, Israel) with a step size of 100-200 μm.

    Techniques:

    (a) Microelectrode recording locations of overlap cells plotted in MNI space and color-coded by subtype (type-I, green; type-II, purple). To pool hemispheres, left-hemisphere sites are mirrored to the right by taking the absolute value of the lateral (X) coordinate. SNc and SNr are shown in dark gray and light gray, respectively. (b) Mean spike waveform (± s.d.) for representative type-I (green) and type-II (purple) overlap cells. (c) Spike width, defined as the time between the two positive peaks of the waveform, for type-I and type-II overlap cells. (d) Mean firing rate across the entire recording session for type-I and type-II overlap cells. (e) Baseline-normalized (z-scored) firing rates in a 1-second window following novel image onset, shown separately for trials in which novel images were correctly judged “new” versus misclassified as “old,” for type-I and type-II overlap cells. (f) Baseline-normalized (z-scored) firing rates in a 1-second window following cognitive boundaries, shown separately for trials in which familiar images were correctly judged “old” images versus misclassified as “new,” for type-I cells and type-II overlap cells.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Neurons in the Human Substantia Nigra Respond to Cognitive Boundaries and Predict Memory

    doi: 10.64898/2026.02.04.703556

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Microelectrode recording locations of overlap cells plotted in MNI space and color-coded by subtype (type-I, green; type-II, purple). To pool hemispheres, left-hemisphere sites are mirrored to the right by taking the absolute value of the lateral (X) coordinate. SNc and SNr are shown in dark gray and light gray, respectively. (b) Mean spike waveform (± s.d.) for representative type-I (green) and type-II (purple) overlap cells. (c) Spike width, defined as the time between the two positive peaks of the waveform, for type-I and type-II overlap cells. (d) Mean firing rate across the entire recording session for type-I and type-II overlap cells. (e) Baseline-normalized (z-scored) firing rates in a 1-second window following novel image onset, shown separately for trials in which novel images were correctly judged “new” versus misclassified as “old,” for type-I and type-II overlap cells. (f) Baseline-normalized (z-scored) firing rates in a 1-second window following cognitive boundaries, shown separately for trials in which familiar images were correctly judged “old” images versus misclassified as “new,” for type-I cells and type-II overlap cells.

    Article Snippet: Microelectrode recording was conducted with a single tungsten microelectrode (400-700 kOhm, Neuroprobe, Alpha Omega, Israel) driven through the central passage on the electrode holder (Bengun, Alpha Omega, Israel) into the target area by a microdrive (Drive Headstage, Alpha Omega, Israel) with a step size of 100-200 μm.

    Techniques: